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African American Vernacular English (AAVE)—also called African American English (AAE); less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), or Black Vernacular English (BVE)—is a variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English, most commonly spoken today by urban working-class and largely bi-dialectal middle-class African Americans. Non-linguists〔For the reasons that linguists avoid using the term ''Ebonics'', see for example .〕 often call it Ebonics (a term that also has other meanings and connotations). It shares a large portion of its grammar and phonology with the rural dialects of the Southern United States. Several creolists, including William Stewart, John Dillard and John Rickford, argue that AAVE shares enough characteristics with African Creole languages spoken around the world that AAVE itself may be an English-based creole language separate from English;〔 and , both citing , , , and .〕 however, most linguists maintain that there are no significant parallels, and that AAVE is, in fact, a demonstrable variety of the English language,〔The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . ()ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English."〕 having features that can be traced back mostly to the nonstandard British English of early settlers in the American South. As with all linguistic forms, its usage is influenced by age, status, topic and setting. There are many literary uses of this variety of English, particularly in African-American literature. == Overview == AAVE shares several characteristics with Creole English language-forms spoken by people throughout much of the world. AAVE has pronunciation, grammatical structures, and vocabulary in common with various West African languages.〔See for more information〕 Many features of AAVE are shared with English dialects spoken in the American South. While these are mostly regionalisms (i.e. originating from the dialect commonly spoken in the area, regardless of color), a number of them—such as the deletion of ''is''—are used much more frequently by black speakers, suggesting that they have their origins in black speech. The traits of AAVE that distinguish it from the General American accent and other American English dialects include the following: * specific pronunciation features along definable patterns, many of which are found in creoles and dialects of other populations of West African descent and that also emerge in English dialects that may be uninfluenced by West African languages, such as Newfoundland English * distinctive vocabulary * distinctive use of verb tense and aspect * the use of negative concord Early AAVE contributed a number of African-originated words to the American English mainstream, including ''gumbo'',〔''Shorter OED,'' 5th edition, cf Bantu ''kingumbo''〕 ''goober'',〔''Shorter OED,'' 5th edition, Kikongo ''nguba''〕 ''yam'', and ''banjo''. AAVE has also contributed slang expressions such as ''cool'' and ''hip''. Misconceptions about AAVE are, and have long been, common, and have stigmatized its use. One myth is that AAVE is grammatically simple or sloppy. Another is that AAVE is the native dialect (or even more inaccurately, a linguistic fad) employed by all African Americans. Wheeler (1999) warns that "AAVE should not be thought of as the language of Black people in America. Many African Americans neither speak it nor know much about it." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「African American Vernacular English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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